Nonlinearity as a strategy for creating postmodern musical texts in the 1970-1990s

It is relevant in this research context to consider the ways of organizing the text, algorithms, and ideological principles of modeling the content components of a musical work. The purpose of the study is to establish strategies for the development of postmodernism in music, as well as non-linearity in music as a creative strategy of postmodernism. The study is devoted to fragmentation as perception and accumulation of information, a form of artistic experience reflected in musical creativity. Precedent phenomena that perform the function of meaning-making in the music of the last decades of the 20th century are determined by their symbolism, the possibility of mentonization and evaluation. Thus, in the musical text of postmodernism, the new work is incorporated into the figurative and expressive system in the space of fragmentary discourse, and the extratextual content of the musical text is formed. The research methodology is based on complex approaches. The main methods used in work are description, analysis, and synthesis, the method of intertextuality and the comparative-historical method were used to work with the material. The result of the work is the definition of new methods of constructing musical works of fragmented discourse, where an effective means is the selection of precedent phenomena, an individualistic vision of the audience, and intertext

Mortality after surgery in Europe: a 7 day cohort study

Background: Clinical outcomes after major surgery are poorly described at the national level. Evidence of heterogeneity between hospitals and health-care systems suggests potential to improve care for patients but this potential remains unconfirmed. The European Surgical Outcomes Study was an international study designed to assess outcomes after non-cardiac surgery in Europe.Methods: We did this 7 day cohort study between April 4 and April 11, 2011. We collected data describing consecutive patients aged 16 years and older undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery in 498 hospitals across 28 European nations. Patients were followed up for a maximum of 60 days. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures were duration of hospital stay and admission to critical care. We used χ² and Fisher’s exact tests to compare categorical variables and the t test or the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables. Significance was set at p<0·05. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for the differences in mortality rates between countries.Findings: We included 46 539 patients, of whom 1855 (4%) died before hospital discharge. 3599 (8%) patients were admitted to critical care after surgery with a median length of stay of 1·2 days (IQR 0·9–3·6). 1358 (73%) patients who died were not admitted to critical care at any stage after surgery. Crude mortality rates varied widely between countries (from 1·2% [95% CI 0·0–3·0] for Iceland to 21·5% [16·9–26·2] for Latvia). After adjustment for confounding variables, important differences remained between countries when compared with the UK, the country with the largest dataset (OR range from 0·44 [95% CI 0·19 1·05; p=0·06] for Finland to 6·92 [2·37–20·27; p=0·0004] for Poland).Interpretation: The mortality rate for patients undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery was higher than anticipated. Variations in mortality between countries suggest the need for national and international strategies to improve care for this group of patients.Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Society of Anaesthesiology